THESIS: 2017

CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

1. 1 The Background of Study

Figurative language is an expression that deviates from everyday language by using comparison, analogy and allusion. Barbara (2014: 28) “Figurative language is saying one thing in terms of another.” Based on this definition, figurative language means that expressing something in another way to refer one thing by giving the implied meaning. It is often used in literary works to demonstrate the creativity of the author and the beauty of language itself. Besides, it is also one of the ways to interpret the meaning hidden in the literary works.

A figure of speech or figurative language is the form of a single word or phrase. It can be a special repetition, arrangement or omission of words with literal meaning, or a phrase with a specialized meaning not based on the literal meaning of words ( Richard, 1985:43). A form of expression (as a simile or metaphor) used to convey meaning or heighten effect often by comparing or identifying one thing with another that has a meaning or connotation familiar to the reader or listener. Figurative language is saying o ne thing in terms of another.” Based on this definition, figurative language means that expressing something in another way to refer one thing by giving the implied meaning. It is often used in literary works to demonstrate the creativity of the author and the beauty of language itself. Besides, it is also one of the ways to interpret the meaning hidden in the literary works.

There are four main reasons of using figurative language (Perrine, 1982: x). First, figurative language affords readers imaginative pleasure of literary works. Second, it is a way of bringing additional imagery into verse, making the abstract concrete, making literary works more sensuous. The third, figurative is a way of adding emotional intensity to otherwise merely informative statements and conveying attitudes along with information. And the last, it is a way of saying much in brief compass.

There mainly five figures of speech: simile, metaphor, hyperbole, personification and synecdoche. Figures of speech often provide emphasis, freshness of expression, or clarity. However, clarity may also suffer from their use, as any figure of speech introduces an ambiguity between literal and figurative interpretation. A figure of speech is sometimes called a rhetorical figure or a locution (Keraf, 2004: 134).

Metaphor is a part of figurative languages, which is the most common and widely used. It is an implicit comparison in which idea is compared with another idea through a similarity or likeness of characteristic, qualities or attributes between the two ideas. There are different opinions about metaphor (Tarigan, 2009:185). According to Keraf (2004:139) “metaphor is a kind of analogy that compare two things directly, metaphor as a direct comparison which does not use the words, like, as, as if, so that the first thing directly to relieve to the second”.
Tarigan (2009:141-183) “metaphor is a kind of figurative language of comparison which is simple. There are two ideas in figurative language, the first is the reality, something thought as an object, and the second one is something thought as the comparison between two things we substitute the last part as the beginner”.

Lackoff (1992:1) “The general theory of metaphor is given by characterizing such cross domain mapping. And in the process, everyday abstract concepts like time, states, change, causation, and purpose also turn out to be metaphorical. The result is that metaphor (that is, cross domain mapping) is absolutely central to ordinary natural language semantics and that the study of literary metaphor is an extension of the study of everyday metaphor.”

The researcher chooses metaphors as the object of this research because metaphor is usually used by authors in their literary works, especially poem. Metaphors are used to deliver the message of the poem which wants to be conveyed by the author. Metaphor is a meaning of expressing one thing in terms of something else. It provides us with a mean of understanding the way language works, from the common phrases to the most complex. Metaphor not only used in a literature but also used in daily life. It gives a life like quality to our conversations and to the character of the fiction or poetry. Tarigan (2009:185) “Metaphors are also ways of thinking, offering the listeners and readers fresh way of examining ideas and viewing the world.”

According to Tarigan (2009:185) “Metaphor represent a class of linguistic expression that says one thing and mean another. They resemble cases of irony and indirect speech acts. A characteristic of all such type of linguistic expressions is that the literal utterance, what in fact is said, is in some sense :defective”, taking the form of “obvious falsehood, semantic nonsense, violation of the rules of speech acts, or violations of conversational principle of communication.”
Metaphor, moreover, gives style clearness, charm, and distinction as nothing else can and it is not a thing whose use can be taught by one man to another. Metaphor, like epithets, must be fitting which means they must fairly correspond to the thing signified, failings this, their inappropriateness will be conspicuous (Johnson, 1981:6).

There are many poets or authors in the world who have many literary works, including poems. One of the poets who use metaphor in his work is Langston Hughes. One of metaphore sentence used in Langston poem is the sentence Love like a plum in the Love song for Lucinda. This sentences compare two things that are love and plum it likened the sweetest love as sweet as plum. Althought it diffirent feeling. The other sentence is life is a broken winged bird in the the poem of Dreams. It sentence meants that life need a dream if without a dream is nothing.

The researcher chooses the collected poem of Langston Hughes as the subject to be analyze because Langston Hughes’s poem categorizes as classic poetry. Classis poetry is a kind of poetry that design of the language tied in line and abode. The other reason which is interesting from the langston Hughes’s poems is because Langston writes his poem in the relatively straightforward, unornamented mode known as plain of style. The langston’s poetry almost talk about Life and attitude.

1.2 The Problem of Study

Based on the background of study, the problem formulated in question stated as:

1. What are metaphore sentences used in Langston Hughes selected poem?

2. How is metaphore reflected in Langston Hughes selected poem?

1.3 The Purpose of Study

Related to statement of the problems of study, the researcher states the purpose as follows:

1. To find out the metaphor sentences are used in Langston Hughes sellected poem.

2. To know does the metaphore reflected in Langston Hughes selected poem.

1.4 The Scope of Study

This study the researcher just focused on analyze the using of metaphor in Langston Hughes poem, the meaning of metaphor sentences and it reflected. The researcher only choose Three title of poem in Langston Hughes collected Poem as the subject of research that are: Love Song For Lucinda, Dreams and Mother To Son.

1.5 Basic Assumption

As stated in the objectives of the study above, the research is conducted to observe and to analyze metaphors used in Langston Hughes poems. In this research, the reseracher used semantic theory for analyzing the metaphors. Since this research is to find the meaning of metaphor, the researcher uses semantic theory of literal and nonliteral meaning.

1.6 Significance of Study

Here are some significance of study that is expected to be useful for following individuals or the instituations:

1. For the researcher herself to expand the knowledge in figutative language, especially the using of metaphor in the poem.

2. It is also hope that it can be useful for the teachers who teach art of education.

3. For other researcher and reader those who want to do forther research with the same as point of departure in conducting their research.

CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1 Definition of Figurative Language

Ahmad (2000: 35) “Figurative language is language that uses words or expressions with a meaning that is different from the literal interpretation. Figurative language is rarely used in our daily conversation. Figurative language is often found in literary works, such as: articles in newspaper, advertisements, novels, poems, etc. Figurative language is the use of words that go beyond their ordinary meaning. It requires you to use your imagination to figure out the author's meaning. When a writer uses literal language, he or she is simply stating the facts as they are. Figurative language, in comparison, uses exaggerations or alterations to make a particular linguistic point. Figurative language is commonly used in literary works, such as: poem, prose and nonfiction writing as well.
Figurative language refers to words, and groups of words, that exaggerate or alter the usual meaning in figures of speeches of the component of words. A figure of speech may be said to occur whenever a speaker or writer, from the sake of freshness or emphasis, departs from the usual denotations of words (Kennedy, 1983: 479).

Figure of speech is the way to use language that say the power and appeal, or both of them added (Ahmad, 2000:39). It cannot be interpreted literally because the comparison in figurative language expression has the meaning. Furthermore, Abrams (1981: 63) explained that “Figurative language is a deviation from what speakers of a language apprehend as the ordinary or standard, significance or explanation, it can be said that this expression is different from the language that we use in daily activity. The deviation of language has occurred in figurative language. This figurative language is often used as the technique to tell the story or poem by the author. It is used to obtain the effect containing the meaning behind figurative language in which the use of it makes the description more powerful than the daily use of language or it is called literal language.

When the author uses figurative language to describe the sentence in a poem, he usually trick the language because he wants to create the implied meaning that will make the readers think deeply about the meaning. In interpreting the expression of figurative language, the reader will use the power of

Imagination to imagine this expression and think what the meaning behind it. The use of figurative language creates the literary works to have high art value. This style of language makes the language more interesting and poetic. According to Tajali (2011: 11) said “figurative language has the purpose in three elements as he mentioned. The language that uses figures of speech is called ‘figurative language’ and ‘its purpose is to serve three elements of clarity, forth, and beauty in the language.” The aim of figurative language is to give the clarity because it explains about the comparison of the different things which has meaning behind its expression. Furthermore, the more comparison used by the author in the short story, the better of his work to be read by the reader. It shows the ability and the creativity of the author in using the language. In addition, it also proves that the use of figurative language has made the language more colorful, rich, and aesthetic.

2.2 Type of Figurative

1. Simile

Simile is the comparison to express the thing is like another thing explicitly. As observed by Wren and Martin (2005: 24), they said that “Simile is a comparison made between two objects of different kinds which have, however, at least one point in common. Furthermore, “A simile is comparison between unlike objects introduced by a connective word such as like, as, or than or a verb as seems.” Briefly, simile is the comparison of two distinctly different things but it is considered the same as helped by the connective words. In simile expression, other connective words that be found are compare, similar to and resemble. a figure of speech involving the comparison of one thing with another thing of a different kind, used to make a description more emphatic or vivid.

Barnhart (1995: 118) says, ―A simile is figurative of speech in which two quite different things are compared because they appear to be similar in at least one characteristic‖. Simile is also used to add clarify to the language or make it more careful.

2. Metaphor

The word metaphor comes from Greek; it means to carry over. “A metaphor is a comparison without the words like or as.” Stern (2000:35) says that metaphor is an imaginative or figurative and non literal use of word or sentence hose intended meaning and effect is to make us notice likeness between the two objects. A figure of speech in which a word or phrase is applied to an object or action to which it is not literally applicable. When utterance is seen or heard, a thing is imagined and the picture as likeness to the other thing being drawn and signified. Metaphore is a figure of speech in which comparison is made between two things essentially unlike. The principle of metaphore is to compare two things unlike but have same quality (Sapardi, 2010:56). From those statements, we can get the point that metaphor is the process of comparing two unlike things as if they are one. This thing happened because metaphor does not have connective words such as like, as, than, similar to and seems determining them as figurative.

Metaphor and simile have close relation because comparing the different things. Metaphor also often called an implied simile. In simile, the comparison is seen clearly. This is contrary to metaphor that compares the thing implicitly. If the concept of simile is A is like B, then the concept of metaphor is A is B.

3. Personification

Murfin and Ray (2003: 339), “Personification come from Latin persona (of people, actors) and fie (create). That’s why when we use personification, we use characteristic or personal qualities of the object. Personification is a type of metaphor in which distinct human qualities, e.g., honesty, emotion, volition, etc. Are attributed to an animal, object or idea. The attribution of a personal nature or human characteristics to something nonhuman, or the representation of an abstract quality in human form. This definition similar to personification consist in giving the attribute of human being an animal. It is really a subtype of metaphor, an implied comparison in which the figurative term of the comparison is always a human being. Personification occur when poet attribute a ananimate object or abstract idea with human qualities or actions. Personification is a figure of speech (more specifically a trope) that bestows human characteristics upon anything nonhuman, from an abstract idea to a physical force to an inanimate object to a living organism. Briefly, personification is the expression of language to create non human life as if human. So, this kind of figurative language makes non human can act, speak, and has emotional feeling like human.

Personification often appears in fairy tale written for children. The use of figurative language will create the story imaginatively because the readers will find nonhumans such as animal, plant, and other objects have dialogue each other and they also have the attribution like human.

Accroding to Keraf (1986: 141), personification has special feature from metaphor and simile. It contains the comparison like metaphor and simile, but in personification the things to be compared is nonhuman and human attributes.

4. Irony

Irony derived from the word eironia, it means deception. Murfin (2002:146) stated “Irony is a stylistic device also based on the simultaneous realization of two logical meanings—dictionary and contextual, but the two meanings stand in opposition to each other.” In short, irony is the style of language to express something captured by the reader that should be opposite from the literal meaning. The things that should be noted when interpreting irony expression is the context of its expression. The expression of one's meaning by using language that normally signifies the opposite, typically for humorous or emphatic effect.

There is some argument about what qualifies as ironic, but all senses of irony revolve around the perceived notion of an incongruity between what is said and what is meant, or between an understanding or expectation of a reality and what actually happens. The use of words to convey a meaning that is the opposite of its literal meaning

Similar to Galperin also stated that “Irony states one thing in one of voice when, in fact, the opposite meaning is intended (1995: 33).” Clearly, it can be proposed that irony is not seen from what it is said but rather to interpret the meaning from the context or situation. A manner of organizing a work so as to give full expression to contradictory or complementary impulses, attitudes, etc., especially as a means of indicating detachment from a subject, theme.
The use of irony creates the effect because the reader feels free to interpret the meaning as long as it appropriates to the context of utterance. The reader can interpret the meanings as humor, negative impression or critic. Perez (2012: 33) found the effect and the aim in irony. According to him, “The aim of irony is to communicate the opposite of what is literally said; whereas the effect may be a sarcastic, satiric, or even funny interpretation that undoubtedly profiles negative connotations.”
It proves that irony is used for certain purpose and it causes the effect as well. Irony can be used to convey sensitive thing but in humor tone.

5. Hyperbole

Murfin and Ray (2003: 205), “exaggerated statements or claims not meant to be taken literally or a figure of speech that uses deliberate exaggeration to achieve an effect, whether serious, comic, or ironic.” “A hyperbole is a deliberate exaggeration, used for emphasis and dramatic effect.” It means hyperbole is the style of language in expressing something exaggeratedly even beyond of human logic. Hyperbole or overstatement is used to cause the effect and reaction from the reader such as serious, ironic, and humorous.

2.3 Definition of Metaphor

The word metaphor comes from Greek; it means to carry over. Murfin (2003:145) stated that “A metaphor is a comparison without the words like or as.” This statement is supported by Perrine (1983: 571), he declared that “In metaphor the comparison is implied–that is, the figurative term is substituted for or identified with the literal term.” From those statements, we can get the point that metaphor is the process of comparing two unlike things as if they are one. This thing happened because metaphor does not have connective words such as like, as, than, similar to and seems determining them as figurative.

Murfin (2003:146) “a metaphor assert the identify, without a connective appears of a term that are literally incompatible. Metaphor is a figure of speech in which comparison in made between two things essentially unlike. The principle of metaphor is to compare two things unlike but have same quality. Metaphor like a simile that is to comparison, but in metaphor does not use “as” or ‘like” to create the comparison. Often the metaphor actually describes the subject being the thing to which it is compared. Those are aome definition of metaphor; those definitions explained that metaphor is figure of speech that compare two different things directly without use a connective word.

Actually, metaphor has the way to determine the process of carrying meaning in this expression. According to Bradford (1997: 22), he explained two processes of metaphor; they are tenor and vehicle based on Richards’s theory. He describes that the tenor of metaphor is idea or the principal object discussed, meanwhile the vehicle is the analogy or the image that describes the object. The main point of Bradford’s explanation about the process of metaphor has described that the tenor is the main concept and the vehicle is the analogy of the concept itself. The vehicle carries the description or the qualities to main concept.

The example of metaphor expression is taken from the poem A Meditation for His Mistress by Robert Herrick, you are the queen all flowers among. This becomes a metaphor because you is identified with the queen all flowers among. You refers to the lover of Herrick. The tenor or principal object which is discussed in this expression is you and the vehicle as the image that carries the description to object is the queen all flowers. The flower is the part of plant. It looks beautiful with brightly colored. In this expression, Herrick compares his lover with the queen all flowers among means that his girl is very beautiful because you has got the qualities of the flower, that is beautiful.

Another example of metaphor is man is a wolf (Glucksberg, 2001: 7). The man is compared with wolf. The tenor is man and the vehicle is a wolf. The word wolf in this expression does not indicate that the man is real animal which has tail and canine tooth but it explains the characteristics of wolf used to describe the man. A wolf is known as a wild animal which is classified to dog family. It is also recognized as a greedy animal. This explanation illustrates that the man has characteristic owned by a wolf. It can be interpreted that the man has terrible behavior, greedy, and evil. Otherwise, the reader also can interpret the man is a wolf is wild or brave man.

2.4 Kinds of Metaphor

According to Murfin (2003: 274), there are two types of metaphor, namely dead metaphor and live metaphor. Dead metaphors are those which are a part of constructions of lexicon of the language. When they are used, the person who listens or reads does not think about the primary sense of the words, but only the idiomatic sense directly. The dead metaphor is commonly defined as a metaphor which has lost its metaphorical sense. For example, ’leg of the table’ is an idiom. There is a comparison between the table and the leg of person or animal. Such idiom is called a dead metaphor because the reader does not think of the comparison on which it was based.

Live metaphor, on the contrary, is defined as a metaphor which can be identified by its readers after they give special attention to the primary meaning of the words which are used metaphorically. For example: ‘Ina’s decision is a nightmare for her brother (‘Keputusan Ina adalah sebuah mimpi buruk untuk saudaranya’).

To understand the metaphor above, special attention has to be paid to the primary meaning of ‘nightmare’. Relating to the topic, ‘Ina’s decision’, the readers will capture the message of this sentence, that the decision, whatever it is, is something that makes her brother unhappy.

Stern (2000:105) was still a faithful believer in the dead/live metaphor classification, as he distinguishes six types of metaphors, beginning with dead metaphors:

1. Dead metaphor
A dead metaphor is a figure of speech which has lost the original imagery of its meaning due to extensive, repetitive, and popular usage. Because dead metaphors have a conventional meaning that differs from the original, they can be understood without knowing their earlier connotation. Dead metaphor are generally the result of a semantic shift in the evolution of a language. a word or phrase (as time is running out) that has lost its metaphoric force through common usage. A dead metaphor is a figure of speech which has lost the original imagery of its meaning due to extensive, repetitive, and popular usage.

This type of metaphor "frequently relates to universal terms of space and time, the main part of the body, general ecological features and the main human activities". Dead metaphors have lost their figurative value through overuse and their images are hardly evident. Some examples of a dead metaphor include 'at the bottom of the hill', 'face of the mountains', and 'crown of glory'.

2. Cliche Metaphor

Cliche refers to an expression that has been overused to the extent that it loses its original meaning or novelty. A cliche may also refer to actions and events which are predictable because of some previous events. All examples of cliche are expressions that were once new and fresh. They won popularity in public and hence have been used so extensively that such expressions now sound boring and at times irritable due to the fact that they have lost their original color. For instance, the phrase “as red as rose” must have been a fresh and innovative expression at some point in time but today it is considered universally as a cliche and does not sound good to be used in everyday formal writing. A cliché is a trite expression, often a figure of speech whose effectiveness has been worn out through overuse and excessive familiarity.
This type of metaphor is known to have outlived its usefulness, and is "used as a substitute for clear thought, often emotively, but without orresponding ikbheone's mark', and 'backwater'. A phrase or expression that has been used so often that it is no longer original or interesting or something that is so commonly used in books, stories, etc., that it is no longer effective

3. Stock or standard metaphor

This type of metaphor is defined as "an established metaphor, which in an informal context is an efficient and concise method of covering a physical and/or mental situation both referentially and pragmatically." He also states that stock metaphors, in contrast to dead metaphors, are "not deadened by overuse". The examples of this type also mentioned by Newmark are: 'to oil the wheels', 'he's in a giving humour', and 'he's on the eve of getting married'.

4. Adapted Metaphor

Adapted metaphor This type of metaphor is actually a stock metaphor that has been adapted into a new context by its speaker or writer, for example, the stock metaphor 'carrying coals to Newcastle' can be turned into an adapted metaphor by saying ' almost carrying coals to Newcastle'.

5. Recent metaphor

This type of metaphor is produced through coining and is spread in the SL rapidly. Examples of this kind are 'spastic', meaning stupid, and 'skint', meaning without money.

6. Original metaphor

This type of metaphor is "created or quoted by the Sumber Language writer", and in the broadest sense, "contains the core of an important writer's message, his personality, his comment on life".

2.5. Conceptual of Metaphor

Murfin (2003:149) “Language is an system of sounds that used by the public for the purpose of communication. As a system, the language is systematic and systemic. It is said to be systematic because language has a spesific rule or method. It can be said as systemic because the language has subsystems and the subsystems are subsystem phonology, subsystems gramatical and lexilal subsystems.

In order to understand a deeper meaning of the semantics, someone who will learn semantics must be able to understand some of the characteristics of language, one of which is arbitrary language. Murfin, (2003:150) says that the characteristic of this language means that there is no specific relating between the part of phonemes that former of words with the meaning. Thus, there is no relating between the means and the meant says that the linguistic sign consists of elements of sound and meaning elements. The second part of language which usually refers to something is a referent of outside parts of language.

The scope of the study of meaning is very broad. And to make these papers become more focused to discuss the real semantics of figurative meaning. Before going further discuss what the figurative sense, it is good for us to understand what exactly semantics is. Lyon (1971:1) says that generally semantics is defined as the study of meaning which means that the semantics is generally defined as a study of meaning. Palmer (1981:1) says that semantics is expressed as the technical term used to refer to the study of meaning and since meaning is a part of language, semantics is a part of linguistics which means that semantics is the technical terminology referring to the study of meaning and because the meaning is part of the language, then semantic is part of linguistics.

Stern (2000:106) says that metaphor is a form of direct comparison of two things, but in the form of shortly. The style of metaphor was seeing something through another thing. Metaphor as a direct comparison does not use words like another, so that the first subject directly connected with the second subject. One of the elements being compared, theat is the image, has parts of components of meaning and usually the one only of the components of meaning that is relevant and also has the second element that is the topic.

Furthermore, Tarigan (2009:196) explained that metaphor consists of three parts:

1. The topic is objects or matters that discussed.

2. The image is part of the metaphorical figure of speech is used to describe a topic in a comparison.

3. The point of similarity, namely the part that shows the similarities between the subject and image.

The third part above is not always mentioned explicitly, but occasionally, one of three parts, namely the topic, some of the images, or the point of resemblance implicit. Keraf says that the metaphors included in a style of figure of speech. This style is first formed based on comparisons or similarities. Compare something to the other, then try to find the characteristic that show similarities between them. Comparison actually contains two terms, namely comparisons are included in the style of usual language, while the form of the others is the comparison that included in a figure of speech.
Keraf (1994:136) says that the usual or direction comparison includes the two same part who includes in the some class of words, while the comparison is the style of figure of speech includes two things in the other word class. In order to establish whether a comparison is a figure of speech or not, should be seen the three points:

1. Firstly should be determining the second class that compared.

2. Looking at the level of similarity of difference between two things.

3. Looking at the context where is the characteristics the two things that found.

Keraf ( 1994:139) says that metaphor is a kind of analogy that compares to things directly, but in short form: flower of the state. As a form of direct comparisions, metaphors do not using the words: as like, as if, like, and so on, so that the first subject directly was related to the second term. The basic meaning of connotation of metaphor can be determined. The metaphor is absolutely on. But if the basic meaning of connotation of metaphor cannot be determined, then it was nothing. For examples: The boat was broken by waves

The car broken since this morning

2.6. Definition of Poem

Poem is a beautiful word in the writings and have a sense in every word to convey contain’s word to the readers. Poetry as a general definition have many definition that depends on the every people’s mind. According to the expert that “poetry is a form of writing in which few lines run to the edge of the page , James and Jeffrey . 1981 (95:307)”. From the James and Jeffrey statement, the poetry can be conclude that poetry is part of the writing and make a few line run to the edge to make every sentences. In other opinion from according definition of plato that “poetry is an art. From the statement of plato above that poetry is a beautiful word that have an art to influence the readers feel that contain in the poetry. The reader will be know what the writer sense of words in the poetry. The reader get into the writer words in the poetry and take the reader’s feel when read the poetry. the reader can be felt the writer writing after they have been feel the sense of the poetry.

Jeffry (1998:123) “poetry is an art based on language, but poetry has more general meaning that is difficult to define because it is less determine; poetry also expresses a certain state of mind”. Poetry is the spontaneous overflow the powerfull feelings. It take its origin from emotion recollected in tranquility gradually disappears, and an emotion.

Poem have a purpose as almost like a news, writing, magazine or the other. It’s convey to give a message, idea, the writer’s feel, criticism, attitudes and opinions indirectly in writing. The writer usually make a poetry take from the society life, natural, politic, economic and love. The writer make a poetry with used feel’s writer. To know the sense contained in the poetry, we have to trains and reads the poetry more time.

2.6.1 Type of Poem

There are five types of poems in particular. They are descriptive, reflective, narrative, lyric, and sonnet. Each kind has much common features though the difference is connected to form and style of expressing idea (Marsitowani, 2003:17).

Descriptive is a poem which describes people or experience, scenes or objects. Reflective poem is a thoughtful poem often containing a great deal of description which the poet comments on as form, upon which draws a conclusion. Narrative is a poem which tells a story. It tends to be longer than other types of poetry but it is comparatively easy to recognize the poet’s intention. Lyrics is the simplest form of poetry like a song which usually the expression of mood or feeling. Sonnet is a poem of fourteen lines which follows every strict rhyme patterns (Amir, 2007:2). One common types of poetry is rhyming couplets, in which each successive pair of lines is approximately the same length and rhyme with one another. In free-form poetry, rhyme and meter are loose, allowing for complex rhythms and greater contextual freedom. Poems can be long or short.

2.6.2 Kind of Poem

Poetry was born of a basic human desire to communicate not just the meaning of words, but also the sense or feel of them. Writers use poetry to evoke a mood in the reader to listener, so that the experience can occur on multiple levels of the human psyche. The work “kinds” refers to the content or intention of the poem. There are ten kinds of poem; they are ballad, ode, elegy, pastoral, sonnet, epic, dramatic monologue, satire, confessionals, free verse, (Kasim, 2007:96)

Ballad is a short narrative song preserved and transmitted orally among illiterate or semiliterate people. Some characteristics of ballad are: first, ballad focus on a single crucial episode or situation. The ballad begins usually at a point where the action is decisively directed towards its catastrophe. The second, ballads are dramatic. We are not told things happening: we are shown them happening. The third, ballads are impersonals. The narrator seldom allows his own subjective attitude toward the events to intrude ballads often contain dialogues between characters (Kasim, 2007:97).
Ode is the most formal, ceremonious, and complexly, organized form of lyric poetry, usually of considerable length. It is frequently the vehicle for public utterance on state occasion, such as a ruler’s birthday, accession, funeral. Ode is a poem in which a person expresses a strong feeling of love or respect for someone or something. Another meaning of Ode is a lyric poem usually marked by exaltation of feeling and style, varying length of line, and complexity of stanza forms or a poem in which a person expresses a strong feeling of love or respect for someone or something (Kasim, 2007:97). Ode is a lyric poem in the form of an address to a particular subject, often elevated in style or manner and written in varied or irregular meter.

Elegy is the words derive form the Greek word “elegeia” which means “lament”. Elegy is formal in tone and diction; it usually contains the commemoration of the death of actual person or the poet’s contemplation of the tragic aspects of life. Elegy is also written to express felling of sorrow or loss.

Pastoral is a type of poetry that describes rural life or relating to the countryside or the lives of people who live in the country and the spiritual care or guidance of people who are members of a religious group. It often deals with the love of shepherd and shepherdesses (Kasim, 2007:97).

Sonnet is a poem that consists of fourteen lines. It rhyme scheme has, in practice, been widely varied. The confessional poems are basically autobiographical in nature. It is the poet speaking specifically about himself. And free-verse it is the kinds of poetry an author doesn’t use either rhyme- scheme or matrical devices (Kasim, 2007:97).

Satire is a type of ridicule and criticism, and it can be erected against many different object universal human vices of follies, social evils or political short coming. the use of humor, irony, exaggeration, or ridicule to expose and criticize people's stupidity or vices, particularly in the context of contemporary politics and other topical issues. It is often engendered by the desire to improve society, to right a wrong (Kasim, 2007:97).
Epic is the most ambitious kind of poetry deals with great heroes whose actions determined the fate of their nation or of mankind. An Epic poem is a long, narrative poem that is usually about heroic deeds and events that are significant to the culture of the poet. Many ancient writers used epic poetry to tell tales of intense adventures and heroic feats. a long poem, typically one derived from ancient oral tradition, narrating the deeds and adventures of heroic or legendary figures or the history of a nation. Some of the most famous literary masterpieces in the world were written in the form of epic poetry (Kasim, 2007:97).

Dramatic monologue is a type of poetry in which a person expresses the though and feeling which are uppermost in his mind to another person who keeps silent all the time with a view to convincing to hearer of what he thinks. It is essentially a study of character, of mental states or moral crisis, made from inside. It is predominantly pshychological, analytical, meditative, and argumentative. a poem in the form of a speech or narrative by an imagined person, in which the speaker inadvertently reveals aspects of their character while describing a particular situation or series of events. In a dramatic monologue, the speakers speaks and addresses his argument to another person who generally keep mum, which infuses great dramatic quality into it (Kasim,2007:98).

2.7 Conceptual Framework

Figurative language is an expression that deviates from everyday language by using comparison, analogy and allusion. Rozakis (1995: 28) defined that “Figurative language is saying one thing in terms of another.” Based on this definition, figurative language means that expressing something in another way to refer one thing by giving the implied meaning. It is often used in literary works to demonstrate the creativity of the author and the beauty of language itself. Besides, it is also one of the ways to interpret the meaning hidden in the literary works.

The use of figurative language creates the literary works to have high art value. This style of language makes the language more interesting and poetic. According to Tajali (in Fadaee, 2011: 11), he stated that figurative language has the purpose in three elements as he mentioned “The language that uses figures of speech is called ‘figurative language’ and ‘its purpose is to serve three elements of clarity, forth, and beauty in the language.” The aim of figurative language is to give the clarity because it explains about the comparison of the different things which has meaning behind its expression. Furthermore, the more comparison used by the author in the short story, the better of his work to be read by the reader. It shows the ability and the creativity of the author in using the language. In addition, it also proves that the use of figurative language has made the language more colorful, rich, and aesthetic.

Tarigan (2009:183) “metaphor is a kind of figurative language of comparison which is simple. There are two ideas in figurative language, the first is the reality, something thought as a object, and the second one is something thought as the comparison between two things. We substitute the last part as the beginner.”

Lackoff (1992:1) “The general theory of metaphor is given by characterizing such crosh domain mappings. And in the process, every day abstract concept like time, states, change, causation, and purpose also turn out to be metaphorical. The result is that metaphor (that is, cross domain mapping) is absolutely central to ordinary natural language semantics and the study of literary metaphor is an extension of the study of everyday metaphor.”

Searle (1993:112) stated “metaphor represent a class of linguistic expression that says one thing and mean another. They resambles cases of irony and indirect speech acts. A characteristic of all such type of linguistics expression is that the literal utterance, what in fact is said, is in same sense “defective”, taking the form of ‘obviuos falsehood, semantic nonsnse, violation of the rules of speech acts, or violations of conversational principle of communication.”

2.8 Review of Previous Study

The first study is conducted by Fitria Lonanda. On the title The Use Of Figurative Language In Characterization Of The Nightingale And The Rose Short Story By Oscar Wilde. The purpose or her study was to analyze figurative characterizing characters in the short story. The researcher collects the data through library research. Then the researcher notes the data contain figurative language, especially simile, metaphor, personification, irony, and hyperbole in the corpus. The result of analysis also presents the connective words mostly appears in simile expression, they are as and like. Otherwise, Wilde uses simile expression for describing the condition of physic and mental of characters. In characterization, Wilde tends to compare the physic of characters with the nature such as hyacinth blossom, the red rose, flame, honey, and frankincense. It indicates that the purpose of Wilde in describing the short story through simile is he wants to lead children closer to the nature.

The second research was by Nurhayati. The research title was Meaning of Metaphor in Sir Walter Raleigh Poems. The study was about to know the meaning of Metaphor. The writer uses reading technique which is proposed by Ratna to collect and identify the data. The result of the research shows that in the 12 poems by sir Walter Releigh selected bt the writer, found 20 cases of metaphor.

The third research was by M. Damanhuri. The title of the research was Imagery and Figurative Language on Robert Frost’s Poems. In this thesis, the writer focuses on the analysis of imagery and figurative language in Robert Frost poems. They are To Earthward and Wind and Window Flower. The writer uses descriptive qualitativw analytic method. He analysis the structure by reading the poem carefully and giving the attention for each line that contains imageries and figurative languages. The writer uses the theory of imagery and figurative language to analyze the poem. By analyzing the structure of the poem, the writer is able to define the meaning of the line that contains imageries and figurative language and their contribution to the meaning of the poems. The result of this study shows that Robert Frost uses imagery and figurative language in his poems. There are many kinds of imagery and figurative language in the poems. In To Earthward, there are only four Imageries from seven type of imageries. There are visual imagery, auditory imagery, olfactory imageries, and organic imagery. Robert Frost uses hyperbola as figurative language. In Wind and Window Flower, Robert Frost uses a visual imagery and auditory imagery. Robert Frost also uses metaphor, personification, and hyperbola as figurative language.
The next research was by Eva ervina. The title of this study was, An Analysis of Figurative Language Used in Rick Riordan‘s Novel Entitled ―The Heroes of Olympics, Book Three:. The Mark of Athena. The objectives of the study are to describe the types of the figurative language found in the novel and to identify the contextual meaning of the figurative language. The method used in collecting the data related to the subject of this research is documentation method because the researcher collected the data from novel. This study was conducted by collecting any relevant data and information about the topic or problem of the study from books and internet that are available for the analysis. The data collection used the following steps: reading the full novel, and then selecting the data that used the types of figurative language. While the steps to analyze the data are identifying the types of figurative language according to Leech, identifying the contextual meaning of the figurative language, and the last is interpreting the data. The result shows that they are 93 sentences that have figurative language. From 94 sentences, there are 52 items or 55.9% of simile, 18 items or 19.4% of personification, 16 items or 17.2% of hyperbole, 6 items or 6.4% of metaphor, and 1 item or 1.1% of metonymy. It can be indicated that the dominant type of figurative language in the novel is simile. The author uses simile to explain circumstances, to describe the characters, to express emotion of the characters, and to make his writing more vivid and entertaining. It can be concluded that figurative language has important roles in this novel. That‘s why the author used so many sentences that have figurative language in the novel. Using figurative language makes the novel more interesting to read, and helps the readers to imagine the story, the character based on the illustration that the author has already given in the story. So that the imagination created by the reader is still in context of the story.

CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 Research Design

This research used Descriptive research. It is a descriptive because the objectives of this study are observing and finding the information as many as possible of the phenomenon. Descriptive research is kind of method which is conducted by collecting and analyzing data, and drawing representative conclusion (Jame, 2011:143). Descriptive method describes the population and the evidence of the data systematically, factually and accurately. The purpose of descriptive research is to describe systematically the facts and characteristics of a given population or area of interest, factually, and accurately. One of the characteristics of descriptive research is used in the literal sense of describing situations or events.
In this study the researcher will analyze metaphor that used in collected poem written by Langston Hughes.

3.2 Source of Data

Data is a fact or information is needed which can be heard, observed, felt and thought by the researcher from the activity and place which will be research (Jame, 2011:143). Data is thought to be the lowest unit of information from which other measurement and analysis can be done. Data can be numbered, images, words, figures, facts or ideas (Mardalis, 2008:131). The main source of data in this study is poem by Langston Hughes. The researcher chooses the poems which has many metaphors. As the data source the reseacher chosed three poems of Langston Hughes collected, Love Song For Lucinda, Dreams and Mother To Son (Langston, 1994: 38).

3.3 Subject of Research

According to Jame that is the source of the data in the study is the subject of where the data can be obtained. When the researcher used documentation in data collection, then the source is called the respondent, that is those who respond or answer the research questions, both written and oral (Jame, 2011:150). The researcher choosed the subject of this research ramdomly from collected poem of Langston Hughes that are Love Song For Lucinda, Dreams and Mother To Son. From it poems the researcher analyzed the metaphor and it reflected (Langstun Hughes, 1994: 68-142).

3.4 Data Collection Procedure

The researcher uses reading technique in collecting the data of this research. Ratna says that “reading technique is scrutinizing and reading the data, and then continued by noting” (Ratna, 2010:246). Moreover, it can be called shortly as reading, scrutinizing, and nothing.

There are several steps in collecting the data:

1. Determining the source of the data, poems by Langston Hughes

2. Reading and examining the metaphors contained in the poems.

3. Classifying the data and,

4. Identifying the data.

3.5 Data Analysis Procedure

The researcher uses descriptive analysis method in analyzing the data, unlike quantitative approach that will result in numeral form. Kothari (2004:5) states that “descriptive research is concerned with specific predications, with narration of fact and characteristics concerning individual, group or situation”.

1. Finding how the metaphors in the poems are used.

2. Determining the categories of metaphor and its reflected

3. Analyzing the metaphors literally and metaphorically, and

4. Drawing the conclusion of all analysis in this study.

3.6 Time and Place of The Research

The researcher held the reserach on April until Mei 2016. This research conducted in the Library and my own University:

TABLE I
Classification of Research Activity

Activities	April			Mei
Activities	1	2	3	1	2	3
Go to library to prepare the title	ü
Consult about the thesis	ü
Make the content of chapter		ü
Consult the thesis			ü	ü

CHAPTER IV
FINDING AND ANALYSIS

4.1 Finding

4.1.1 The Metaphore Sentences That Used In Langston Hughes Poem

To make a better literary competence in this research, the researcher uses descriptive analysis, to describe and analyze the intrinsic element that was used by Barbara, in order have a good understanding about the meaning of a poems. This chapter discusses about metaphor sentences used in Langston Hughes Poem and its reflected.

From 3 poem that was analyze, the researcher found some metaphor sentences such as:

Table II

Poems

Metaphore Sentences

Love Song For Lucinda

Love is a ripe plum, growing on the purple tree

2. Love is a bright star, glowing in far Southern skies.

3. Love is a high mountain, stark in a windy sky.

Dreams

1. Hold fast to dreams, for if dreams die, Life is a broken-winged bird, that cannot fly.

2. Hold fast to dreams, for when dreams go, Life is a barren field, frozen with snow.

Mother to Son

1. Well son I’ll tell you, Life for me ain’t been no crystal stair.

2. I’se been a-climbing on, and reaching landings and turning corners.

3. But all the time, I’se been a-climbing on and reaching landings and turning corners, and sometimes going in the dark, where there ain’t been no light.

4. Don’t you fall now’ for I’se still going, honey. I’se still climbing and life for me ain’t been no crystal stair.

4.2 Analysis

4.2.1 The Metaphore Sentences That Used In Langston Hughes Poem

1. Love is a ripe plum, growing on the purple tree

2. Love is a bright star, glowing in far Southern skies.

3. Love is a high mountain, stark in a windy sky.

4. Hold fast to dreams, for if dreams die, Life is a broken-winged bird, that cannot fly.

5. Hold fast to dreams, for when dreams go, Life is a barren field, frozen with snow.

6. Well son I’ll tell you, Life for me ain’t been no crystal stair.

7. I’se been a-climbing on, and reaching landings and turning corners.

8. But all the time, I’se been a-climbing on and reaching landings and turning corners, and sometimes going in the dark, where there ain’t been no light.

9. Don’t you fall now’ for I’se still going, honey. I’se still climbing and life for me ain’t been no crystal stair.

4.2.2 The Way of Metaphore Reflect the Poems

4.2.2.1 The Poem of Love Song for Lucinda

“Love Song for Lucinda” is one of Langston Hughes poems. This poem was published in 1921-1930. The poem consists of three stanzas. Hughes is basically saying that love can be dangerous in all of its enraptured emotion. Hughes gives the wonderful side of love parallel to the dangerous side of love. This poem was written because of his love for American and he chose the Lucinda because she the American popular singer in that tie. As we know that love is a profoundly tender, passionate affection for another person. Love also means a feeling of warm personal attachment or deep affection, as tor a parent, child, friend or etc.

Love

Is a ripe plum

Growing on a purple tree.

Taste it once

And the spell of its enchantment

Will never let you be.
While a plum is delicious and even nutrious, hughes claims that the plum can put you under a spell that will never let you go. To be so enchanted with love can make one miserable, especially if the one who is loved does not return the sentiment.

There are a lot of variation of love with plums. Fisrt of all, you need to recall what the condition of plums was, wether it was green or ripe, soft or rotten, sweet or sour, or you might even see a plum tree. If you compare love with plum that means you will have happy moment, your love desires will be fulfille, however at the end you will realized that the result does not bring you as much positive emotion. And sweet plum is imagery the satisfaction in intimate relationship with you partner. Plum tree represent the imagery the person who is able to fight for your own hand and solve problems alone. Some people might think that you are a dangerous person, but that is only a perfunctory opinion, due to your willful behaviour and active position.

Love

Is a bright star

Glowing in far Southern skies.

Look too hard

And its burning flame

Will always hurt your eyes.

That can be beautiful on the eyes, but its flame can also burn your eyes. Bright star means variuos thing, it also means you have to chance you were looking at Sirius which is also in the sky. A star is an ideal which can not be achieved by a human being in this world of change or flux, as he comes to realize by the end of the poem.

The meaning of this stanza is meant to explain the force and power that love has. It personifies the feeling of love with the use of several literary terms. The speaker's tone is lyrical, comparing the love he has to many great things in the world. In my opinion, the poem can be seen like a tall tale : it has lots of exaggerati ons and hyperboles to make love seem grand and enchanting. The description of love, which is the main point of this poem, is very moving because with each description, the speaker appeals to a different sense, stimulating all aspects of the mind, ultimately getting the speaker's feelings about love across.

Love

Is a high mountain

Stark in a windy sky.

If you

Would never lose your breath.

Do not climb too high.

Where the wind blows starkly or harsly. To be this in love could cause you to lose your breath as hughes states. A breathless love can be exhileration. However, a breathless love can take away your breathing. If you are not willing to lose your breath, then it is not worth the climb at all. This is the term means that love is worth only what you are willing to risk. Anyone who has ever been in love understand what is saying. Love can heal or kill. The fountain mingle with the river and the rivers with the ocean, The winds of heaven mix forever with the sweet emotion. Nothing in the world is single, all thing by a law devine in one spirit meet and mingle.
From it poem conclude that love is amazing, beautiful, sometimes hurtful, but always memoable. It will be with you forever. Although no background information was found clearly he experienced love himself or witnessed through close to him.

4.2.2.2 The Poem of “Dreams”

This poem was written USA on 1926. A period full of economic growth, of cultural events, such as the music and the literature. “Dreams” is a poem with strong vocabulary and imagery through metaphor. Thought it’s only two stanza, its two grouping of four lines make it run smoothly and it’s very rhythmic. The author has communicated a strong message if you really want something, all you have to do is go out and get it. Not reaching for your dreams come true. Dreams are our souls most desperate, genuine desires, and if we really try to hold on to them then we will be satisfied with ourselves, and life won’t be as the author describes it.

Dream means is something that you have wanted very much or something have for a long time. This poem paints a strong in mind of a hopping bird, that fails to accomplish anything, in the middle of a deserted, frozen field, while the bird’s dreams are floating away, up in the coulds. It also paints an image of a bird flying through the air, on a sunny day, when all of it’s dreams have come true.

This poem recommended to anabody who has a dream that want to chase, one that they are too nervous or scared to go for, because though it’s not an inspiring poem, or encourage for the matter, it shows what life will be like if you don’t go for it. This poem make the reader want to go reach for their dreams before it’s too late.

In the poem shown above, titled “Dreams” by Langston Hughes, Hughes begins to discuss the value of dreaming. When we as people look at each other’s lives, we compare ours to every one else’s and forget about the fact that there are some people who would love to live ours. However, there is an alternative to comparing ourselves to other people. We can aspire to surpass their goals and what they have achieved or we can dream up our own and reach it. Otherwise, they get locked away in the back of your imaginations and are never to be seen again. As a result, no dreams made means no dreams achieved. In the poem, the author compares the death of a dream to life being a broken winged bird. Life as a broken winged bird is like having life but not being able to do anything with it. Also, since the poem is very short and uses different similes to describe the central theme of how no dreams will make life feel like it’s pointless. In the end, it all points to the fact that a life is not worth living if there is no purpose to it.

The poem uses two metaphor to explain how important it is to hold fast to one’s dreams. That are:

Hold fast to dreams

For if dreams die

Life is a broken-winged bird

That cannot fly.

It is a metaphor that simply just shows how life would be like if one lets their dreams die. Because it compares life to something that ties in with nature of life, nature has something to do with it. There's just something about the aspect of life that is always tied in with a serene and calming effect, in this example, nature or animals. Life always has a connection with nature or animals. The metaphor extends to a symbol: Birds often symbolize hope, freedom, and joy. If a person stops dreaming, stop pursuing the things that make them excited, happy, and fulfilled, then the person’s life will lack hope and will not result in a feeling of soaring happiness.

Everybody can spend a lot of time unpacking each of these. Flying is generally associated with joy, so it says that a life without dreams is joyless. Flight is also what makes a bird, so a life without dreams lacks what makes life worth living. Flying is also movement, so you can say that a life without dreams is static. A barren field is one which nothing grow, so the poet says that a life without dreams is one that doesnot produce anything, nothing is created from it. A barren field is also lifeless, so again is says that a life without dreams lacks life itself nothing with meaning.

Dreams is more of the ‘inspiration’ or ‘lofty goals’ connotation than the ‘fantastic daydream’ one. When you know what you truly want to do, what your dream is, urges us to hold fast, or hold on tightly, to them. There is also presume, the implication to not let go.

The analogy provides is that a life without dreams is like a bird with an injury that prevents flight. Analogy says that the single biggest distinction of birds is their ability to fly (certain birds excluded, of course – I’m looking at you, penguins, ostriches, and emus). Similarly, the ability to dream is the single biggest distinction of humans. Without our dreams, we are as lost as a bird who has lost the gift of flight. And that is a very sad thought indeed.

Hold fast to dreams

For when dreams go

Life is a barren field

Frozen with snow.
the poem is trying to say is that live can and would be cold, nothing would grow within us without our dreams. Langston Hughes compares life to a barren field; empty, nothing but snow. The message is that if you let your dreams go, your life will be frozen as snow. In the second stanza, the poet uses a metaphor to compare a life without dreams to a “Barren field frozen with snow”. barren means more than empty. It means infertile, unable to produce new life. So it used to be common to say that a woman was "barren" if she had fertility problems. "Barren" fields are those with degraded soils and no water...once again they are unable to bring forth life. The metaphor is attempting to describe the way in which it is impossible to achieve great things if you cannot imagine them. Imagination is the mionds way of bringing forth new ideas, thus new intellectual life. Barren means unproductive or unfruitful. So "barren fields" means a field that has unproductive soil so it won't grow anything.

When the poem compares life to a barren field that is frozen with snow, it shows that dreams are something that should not be forgotten. In this example, it also compares it to something that has to do with nature as well. A barren field does not produce a crop, and crops don’t grow in the winter. Again, the metaphor suggest a symbol: Crops represent fruitfulness or productivity in one’s life, accomplishing things one can be proud and which enrich the lives of others. Someone who lets his dreams go is going to be unproductive in life. That person will have no motivation to do good things to benefit himself or others.

The poem also personifies dreams, suggesting they can “die”, as if they are living things. “Hold fast” implies that dreams are tangible and can be physically held on to, so this is also a metaphor. Letting dreams “die” or “go” means losing out on the possibilities that one could have attained by holding onto those dreams.

In the poem “Dreams” Langston Hughes is giving us motivation and inspiration to hold onto the dreams we dream to accomplish. Dreams are what make us feel like human beings. Without this dreams, what is life worth living for. It always feel like we have to accomplish something and that is what dreams are for. We dream for what we believe is better for us. In the poem, Dreams, Langston also telling us to hold onto our dreams. The people may let go of some dreams but it hold onto the dreams that is more important to us even if it’s hard to. Everything in life is full of obstacles, sometimes we tend to give up on things because we believe it’s easier. Well you’ll never know if you never try and accomplish that dream. Sometimes the dreams we dreamt of isn’t meant for us.

We will never know what the future has for us unless we try and change that dream into a reality. Life is full of what ifs and everyone is scared or nervous to accomplish a dream because they’ll never know the outcomes of the efforts they made for that dream. I love Langston encourages us to hold onto our dreams because he knows that dreams are not what for the weak but for human beings. People tend to criticize other people’s dreams but they are not that person. They shouldn’t tell that person that they can’t accomplish that dream but better motivate them because in life we should answer our what ifs instead of questioning it.

4.2.2.3 The Poem of “Mother to Son”

“Mother to Son” is a poem explained an extended metaphor that is carried out through most or all of a literary work. In this poem Langston compares a mother’s lifetime of struggles to her courage to perceive.

This poem is based on the idea of hope and encouragement to move forward in life, despite all difficulties, and no matter how tough life may become. It is also the demonstration of the love a mother has for her son. Behind this love, the poet emphasizes the idea of never giving up in any situation.
The speaker in this poem is a mother who gives advice to her beloved son, who may also be seen to represent the younger generation. Since the mother has successfully faced the challenges of life, she wishes her son to be courageous and bold in the face of these challenges and to also succeed in life. The poem is grounded in the memories and experiences of a mother. The tone of the poem is didactic, encouraging, and hopeful.

The words of a mother to her children are the most sincere and earnest form of utterance. The title “Mother to Son” exemplifies a one-to-one correspondence between the two where there is more give than take. The language in dialect form brings out the rawness of feelings in their original form. She conveys to him the reality of life throughout the poem in the form of an extended metaphor of a crystal staircase. The metaphor is indeed very symbolic. The symbol of the staircase echoes that to reach the top, one has to start from the bottom rung. It at once stands as a potent emblem of luxury. The crystal staircase also gives one the impression of it not being there though it is, there, thereby connoting ease. It also emblematizes transparency. Again, its texture represents smoothness. Life, she signifies is not always a “smooth ride.

The poet opens this poem by presenting a comparison between the mother’s life and a treacherous staircase in order to show that her life has not been easy and perfect. The mother begins by addressing her son;

Well, son, I'll tell you:

Life for me ain't been no crystal stair.

It's had tacks in it,

And splinters,

And boards torn up,

And places with no carpet on the floor-

Bare.

Her life was full of challenges and difficulties, such as, “It’s had tacks in it,/And splinters”. The use of extended metaphor comparing the mother’s life to a staircase continues throughout the poem, with the repetition of the line, “Life for me ain’t been no crystal stair.”

The other means of it is As she walked up the staircase of Life, she came across tacks. The word ‘tack’ stands for both nails and fasteners. This line is reminiscent of the saying that ‘Life is not a bed of roses’, as it may have its own share of thorns (nails).The word ‘tack’ also means fastener. Sometimes it may also act as a fastener rendering the pace of life stagnant and tiring. The meaning of the word ‘tack’ is also ‘path’ or ‘direction’. Sometimes Life by itself may act as a guiding force, where each experience acts as a pointer. Each experience may also be a cursor to the right direction. There are sometimes no boards on the floor and places devoid of carpet. The word ‘splinter’ has the following meanings ‘fragment’,’ chip’, ‘disintegrate’ ,’fall part’, ’silver’ -all of these are applicable here. There are moments of falling apart, instances of disintegration. On the brighter side, there may also be moments of a ‘silver’lining, equipping one with hope. There may be turnings as the corner brings in unexpected situations. On the other hand, there will also be turning points. The mother warns him that there should be no turning back, and no descending down the steps. This expression connotes that one should not lose hope or let one’s past haunt him. One must not fall down losing one’s balance. The son is advised that he must not descend back because of the simple reason that ascending the stairs is ‘hard’..The mother still continues to climb that staircase of life with steel resolve and determination. Though, the experience of life has not proved to be a crystal staircase for her.

Its had tacks in it, and splinters, and boards torn up. And places with no carpets on the floor, bare. The mother in the poem compare her life to all of the glorious things that it is not. She begins by comparing her life to crystal stairs. Crystal is seen as beautiful, pure, clear and valuable. The mother explains that her life is not any of these things. She also showcase her life as being bare, filled with splinters and torn up boards. But Langston Hughes also shows this mother’s refusal to give up and stop, and makes the case for fihgting through even the unknown as seen below.

The mother seems to have been born in poverty, as the images reveal: “And boards torn up,/And places with no carpet on the floor.” This indicates that she experienced hazardous circumstances, which somehow she needed to step over to arrive where she stands now. Then, she goes on to say, “But all the time /I’se been a-climbin’ on” demonstrating that, despite her hardships and troubles, she kept moving on and climbing the staircase. She goes on to say that she did this “…sometimes goin’ in the dark,” by which she means the low moments of her life where there has “been no light.” The use of local vernacular she uses to give advice to her son— “So boy, don’t you turn back” —is a reflection of the love the mother has for her son. Finally, she motivates him to never feel dejected due to any failures in life. She encourages him to move on just like she did, despite all difficulties.

I'se been a-climbin' on,

And reachin' landin's,

And turnin' corners,

The unstated comparison is between life and a set of steps that has by no means been “crystal”.”A metaphor itself meaning that the stair do not belong to a person whose life has been privileged:

(only well to do people own crystal glassware; a crystal staitcase would indeed be extravagant). This extended metaphor of a stairway is an apt one as often life is marked by stages and by a person’s having elevated. (e.g. “climbing the ladder” to success or some other goal). While the mother may not have reached much success because of her social setting, she has always perserved neverthelless.

“This is the lesson that she wishes to teach her son:

But all the time

I'se been a-climbin' on,

And reachin' landin's,

And turnin' corners,

And sometimes goin' in the dark

Where there ain't been no light.

Furthermore, since she has been persistent in "climbin' on," she urges her son to do the same:

Don't you fall now—

For I'se still goin', honey,

I'se still climbin',

And life for me ain't been no crystal stair.

From whole “Mother To Son” poem it conclude that the poem is written in the first-person, and the narrator’s voice is that of a mother passing onto her son both knowledge and the lessons she has learned in life. Her motivation is to initiate her son in the realities of life, as well as her philosophy of life. Hughes uses the poetic device of the dramatic monologue that is a poem written as a speech made at some desicive moment in life. The mother purpose is to instruct and to inspire. Her purpose is to teach her son to keep things in perspective in spite of difficulties. No matter how many hardships are encountered in life, she tells her son to keep working to accomplish his goals. And it’s no “crystal stair” is imagine of smoothness, beauty and ease in climbing. Since the content and themes of Hughes’ poetry centered on the African American experience.

CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

5.1 Conclusion

Langston Hughes poems with the title Love Song For Lucinda, Dreams and Mother To Son contain the deep meaning. The speaker uses the metaphor in thi poem in order to make the readers feel the author’s feeling in the poem.

From 3 poems of Langston Hughes the researcher conclude that there are 3 of metaphors found in Poem Love Song For Lucinda that Love is a ripe plum, Love is a bright star, Love is a high mountain. 2 metaphors in poem Dreamsthey are Life is a broken-winged bird that cannot fly and Life is a barren field frozen with snow. The last was 2 metaphors in poem Mother To Son that was Life for me ain’t been no crystal stair and I’se still climbing on, and reaching landins, and sometimes, going in the dark where there ain’t been no light.

2. Those metaphores reflected through:

a. From Love song for Lucinda poem conclude that love is amazing, beautiful, sometime hurtful but always memoable, it will be with you forever althought no background information was found clearly

b. From the poem Dreams tell that if you really want something, all you have to do is go out and get it. Dreams are our souls most desparate, genuine desires, and if we really try to hold on to it will be satisfied with ourselves

c. Mother to Son poems reflect that a mother passing onto her son both knowledge and the lesson she has learned in life. Her motivation is to initiate her son in the realities of life, as well as her philosophy of life.

5.2 Suggestion

Through this study, the reseacher suggest the readers who are interested in studying about poetry, especially Langston Hughes poems, to study and understand his poems from different aspect such as explication, theme, tone and mood, rime, etc. This because there are many other ideas and message that can be explained in the poems.

Finally, the researcher hopes this research can give a positive contribution for the readers who want to know the poem and help the readers to have better understanding of the poem in the literature study.

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THESIS

Sunday, January 29, 2017

AN ANALYSIS OF METAPHORS IN LANGSTON HUGHES’S SELECTED POEM